Authorship：Lead author,　Last author,　Corresponding author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

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Authorship：Lead author,　Last author,　Corresponding author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：University of Ljubljana  

This paper takes an approach different from most previous studies by firstly comparing exceptions with non-exceptions in the diphthongization of [i] to [ei] in Mandarin (AD 1324–Present) to locate factors that explain exceptions. Then it focuses solely on non-exceptional morphemes in this process by comparing morphemes at the forefront of this process with those undergoing it later to examine factors to explain morphemes leading this sound change. Statistical analysis shows that morphemes with the highest frequency among all related morphemes tend to be exceptions to diphthongization of [i] to [ei], and morphemes with high frequency among those non-exceptional morphemes tend to undergo this process earlier. In addition, the factor of frequency change, a proposal of this paper, is statistically significantly correlated with morphemes that lead diphthongization. The morphological condition has been rejected as statistically significant both for explaining exceptions to sound change and leading morphemes in sound change.

DOI： 10.4312/ala.12.2.91-113

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Other Link： https://journals.uni-lj.si/ala/article/download/10853/10391

Authorship：Lead author,　Last author,　Corresponding author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Akadémiai Kiadó's  

A growing body of literature suggests that the world's languages can be classified into three rhythm classes: mora-timed languages, stress-timed languages, and syllable-timed languages. However, scholars cannot agree on which rhythmic measures discriminate rhythm classes most satisfactorily and whether the speech rate factor should be considered. In this study, we analyze speech production by bilingual speakers, and compare their production with that of monolingual speakers and ESL speakers. Our rhythmic metric measure results show that when speech rate is taken into consideration, a combination of the two metric measures for vowels, Varco∆V and vocalic nPVI, is most reliable in discriminating different rhythm classes, while consonants do not seem effective, whether the speech rate factor is included or not.

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (bulletin of university, research institution)   Publisher：Fukuoka University  

Almost all morphemes of [ki-] in Middle Chinese are [ʨi] in Modern Mandarin. The morpheme ʻgiveʼ (給) is the only exception: its pronunciation is [kei] in Modern Mandarin. This study presents a timeline for the sound changes of ‘give’ firstly from [kip] to [ʨi], and finally to [kei] by use of dictionaries and books from the 14th to the 19th century. It also uses evidence from Chinese, German, and Mongolic languages to explain why [ʨi] had been turned into [kei], and uses the three factors in sound change to explain the exclusive realization of this sound change in ʻgiveʼ.

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (bulletin of university, research institution)   Publisher：Central Research Institute, Fukuoka University  

It is claimed that world languages can be classified into three rhythm classes. Following this claim, it seems reasonable to expect influences from different rhythm classes in speech production by bilingual speakers. This paper focuses on this topic and compares English speech production by bilingual speakers of English and Mandarin with that by monolingual speakers of English and that by native speakers of Mandarin who speak English as a second language. The statistical analysis results and the rhythmic measure results show that vowels, with speech rate into consideration, are reliable in discriminating differenct rhythm classes. Consonants do not seem effective, whether the speech rate factor is taken into consideration or not.

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

The pronunciation [kei] of the verb give, written with the character 给, in Modern Mandarin has been widely recognized as the result of an exceptional sound change (Otsuka (1958), Pan 1985). It is still unclear when and how the pronunciation [kei] emerged. We think a close examination of related works during the time concerned may provide us with clues. In this study, we examine the following two types of works from the 14th century to the 19th century: (1) nine Mandarin textbooks used in Korea and vernacular novels, including Jade Mirror of the Four Origins, four editions of Laoqida, Marriage Destinies to Awaken the World, etc.; (2) five dictionaries compiled by missionaries to China, including Aid to the Eyes and Ears of Western Literati, A Dictionary of the Chinese Language, A Grammar of the Chinese Colloquial Language, A Syllabic Dictionary of the Chinese Language, and so on. Based on the information in these textbooks, novels, and dictionaries, we come to the conclusion that the pronunciation [kei] of ‘give’ (给) first emerged at the beginning of the 19th century and was firmly established around the middle of the 19th century.

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (international conference proceedings)  

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (international conference proceedings)  

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：日本英語学会  

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (international conference proceedings)  

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (international conference proceedings)  

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

CiNii Books

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (other academic)  

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (other academic)  

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Language：English   Presentation type：Oral presentation (general)  

Venue：Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea  

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Language：English   Presentation type：Oral presentation (invited, special)  

Venue：Nagoya University  

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Language：English   Presentation type：Oral presentation (general)  

Venue：Sapporo Gakuin University, Sapporo City  

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Language：English   Presentation type：Oral presentation (general)  

Venue：University of Tokyo, Tokyo  

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Language：English   Presentation type：Oral presentation (general)  

Venue：Singapore  

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Language：English   Presentation type：Oral presentation (general)  

Venue：Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong  

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Language：English   Presentation type：Oral presentation (general)  

Venue：Chonnam National University, South Korea  

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Language：English   Presentation type：Oral presentation (general)  

Venue：Kyushu University, Fukuoka  

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Language：English   Presentation type：Oral presentation (general)  

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Language：English   Presentation type：Oral presentation (general)  

Venue：Peninsula Excelsior Hotel, Singapore  

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Language：English   Presentation type：Oral presentation (general)  

Venue：Online on zoom  

The present study is motivated by the following two points: (1) the long debate concerning the role of frequency, morphosyntactic structure, and word class in sound change is yet to come to a conclusion (Thomsen 1879; Postal 1968; Phillips 1983, 2001; Bybee 1985, 2012, 2017; Crowley 1997; Pierrehumbert 2001; Donohue 2005; Ogura 2012; Smith 2012); (2) frequency change, a potential factor in sound change, has generally been ignored in previous studies. This paper not only intends to find an answer to the question whether these factors have a role in sound change, but also intends to understand their exact role in sound change if the answer to the first question is yes.

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